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 Responsibility Description
Name*
Role (Broad)
Role (Narrow)
This set of categories identifies the individuals and/or corporate body or bodies that created or originated a group or item. It also assigns a broad role appropriate to the level of cataloguing.
Group Level
At the group level the categories in this section record the Name of the person or corporate body that originated, made, or received and maintained the group. Groups of documents represent corporate activity and thus relate to an institutional purpose or function and a collective history. The Name of administrative origin is therefore part of the institutional context in which the group came into being and is recorded under Role (Broad). Detailed guidelines for recording administrative origin are beyond the scope of the Guide. [1] (See the Bibliography to the Guide for references to guidelines concerning archival provenance in general.)
In the context of architectural drawings and related documents, administrative origin may or may not refer to the architectural firm that was responsible for a given project. If the firm collected and maintained the drawings, blueprints, models, specifications, and programs as a group, then that firm would be the administrative origin for the group. If another party collected and maintained the documents, that party would be the administrative origin for the group. For example, two sets of identical documents made by the office of Moshe Safdie for the National Gallery of Canada project could have two different administrative origins—and two different physical arrangements. One set might have been collected, arranged, and maintained by Safdie, and the other by the Government of Canada. If a repository were to receive the set from the Canadian government, it would preserve that arrangement, and the administrative origin would be the Government of Canada. Levels of catalogue entries would correspond to the respective physical arrangements and administrative origins. This approach preserves valuable evidence concerning the use of the documents as a group—evidence that might be destroyed if the original physical sequence were eschewed in favor of a different schema.
Item Level
For volumes and items, the broad role maker describes the person who physically made the item: the draftsman, delineator, printmaker, etc. Some volumes or items, especially albums, may have several makers. In addition, the person who gathered the contents of an album into a bound volume should be indexed as the compiler. Since the concept of maker emphasizes the hand that made the item, the maker is by definition a person. The specific role often depends on the medium and/or technique used, e.g., engraver.
The maker may or may not have conceived the design (subject) represented on the object(s). Making an item and conceiving the design are separate roles, although in many instances the same person does both. Combining the roles of maker of the item and creator of the design (e.g., architect) may lead to confusion and difficulty in retrieval. The Guide recommends differentiating the roles, just as a distinction is made between the item and the subject it depicts. Responsibility for creation of the design represented by the item can be indicated separately under Related People/Corporate Bodies, one of the top level categories in Groups/Items. A person who has both roles should be listed as maker and, with a related role, under Related People/Corporate Bodies. The relationship can be indicated in Responsibility Description and elaborated in Descriptive Note, another top level category in Groups/Items.
Category: Responsibility Description
Definition:
This is a descriptive category in which the identity of the maker can be expressed in natural language, including any qualifications, nuances of attributions, sequence (if more than one maker participated), role, or institutional context. The combination of this free-text note with the Name and Role categories allows these circumstances to be expressed without sacrificing retrieval capability.
Discussion:
Every entry should have a Responsibility Description, even if none of the conditions outlined below pertains to the group or item. In general, the function of this category is to provide a succinct description of the administrative origin and/or maker of a group or item, respectively. This category is used to provide more nuanced, or qualified, information than the three access-point categories of Name, Role (Broad), and Role (Narrow) are intended to accommodate; in addition, it allows for natural or direct-order presentation of Names (as opposed to the index order used for retrieval). When the natural-order Name is identical to the index Name, it should be recorded here and under Name, for example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Eggers & Higgins |
NAME: |
Eggers & Higgins |
Examples:
The following examples show how the descriptive and access- point categories in this section complement each other.
Example 1:
[Gianni Braghieri is the draftsman and architect for a project done under the architectural firm of Aldo Rossi:]
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Gianni Braghieri, Office of Aldo Rossi |
NAME: |
Braghieri, Gianni |
ROLE (BROAD): |
maker |
ROLE (NARROW): |
draftsman |
RELATED PERSON/ CORPORATE BODY DESCRIPTION: |
Office of Aldo Rossi |
RELATED PERSON/CORPORATE BODY NAME: |
Aldo Rossi[2] |
RELATED ROLE: |
architectural firm |
Example 2:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Office of John Russell Pope |
NAME: |
John Russell Pope |
ROLE (BROAD): |
maker |
ROLE (NARROW): |
draftsman |
Example 3:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Several anonymous draftsmen of the Office of Ange-Jacques Gabriel |
NAME: |
Gabriel, Ange-Jacques |
ROLE (BROAD): |
maker |
ROLE (NARROW): |
draftsman |
Changes and Variations of Names
Corporate bodies and people may be known by more than one Name. For example, an agency may be referred to by a Name other than its official one, e.g., English Heritage instead of the official Name, The Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission. In such instances, the familiar Name may be recorded in this category. Another reason for Name variants is that corporate bodies such as architectural firms and government agencies undergo changes in ownership and hierarchical position as well as mergers with other organizations, facts that are often reflected in their Names. Responsibility Description can be used to show the Name under which a corporate body or person was known at the time when the group of items was generated or when an item was made. Any such changes are part of the history of a person or corporate body and should therefore be recorded in an authority record as well. Doing so may eliminate the need to record variant Names in each group or item record.
Example:
[Excerpt from a group entry for a series created under an agency that was later subsumed by another]
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Office of the Supervising Architect, Treasury Department [the corporate Name under which the records were created] |
NAME: |
Public Buildings Service [the current corporate Name of the successor agency] |
DESCRIPTIVE NOTE:
The Public Buildings Service was created in 1949 as part of the General Services Administration. An important direct predecessor of the Public Buildings Service was the Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department. The Office of the Supervising Architect was established in 1853 as part of the Construction Branch in the Treasury Department....
[this history could also be entered in the People/Corporate Bodies authority under Biographical/Corporte Descriptive Note; to complement the group entry, this authority should index all former Names of the current agency] see continuation of example in the People/Corporate Bodies section.
The following guidelines pertain mainly to item-level cataloguing.
Relationship of Origin/Maker to Other People/Corporate Bodies
The creation of architectural documents often directly involves more than one party. For Example, draftsmen often work under the supervision of the project architect. The Responsibility Description can describe this relationship between the maker and the project architect. Expressions of uncertainty, attribution, and other qualifying circumstances, such as the fact that the maker was copying another's design, may also be included in this category. Most of the information that is included in this descriptive category should be provided as access points in the appropriate categories.
Examples:
[A drawing by Henry Cobb for a project undertaken by the architectural firm of I. M. Pei and Partners:]
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Henry Cobb for I. M. Pei |
ORIGIN/MAKER: |
|
NAME: |
Cobb, Henry |
ROLE (BROAD): |
maker |
ROLE (NARROW): |
draftsman |
Related People/Corporate Bodies
RELATED PEOPLE/CORPORATE BODY DESCRIPTION: |
I. M. Pei and Partners |
RELATED PEOPLE/CORPORATE BODY Name: |
I. M. Pei and Partners |
RELATED ROLE: |
project architect |
[Excerpt from an entry in which an identified draftsman made a drawing for the Margaret Schevill House but is not the project architect:]
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
John H. Howe, office of Frank Lloyd Wright |
ORIGIN/MAKER: |
|
NAME: |
Howe, John H. |
ROLE (BROAD): |
maker |
ROLE (NARROW): |
draftsman |
Related People/Corporate Bodies
RELATED PEOPLE/CORPORATE BODY DESCRIPTION: |
Frank Lloyd Wright |
RELATED PEOPLE/CORPORATE BODY Name: |
Frank Lloyd Wright |
RELATED ROLE: |
architect |
Anonymous Makers
The relationship between an anonymous person and a known person or corporate body can be described by a number of conventions. These are designed to retain the nuances of attribution while enabling filing and retrieval by the Name of the known person or corporate body with whom the anonymous person is associated. Making Responsibility Description an access point will allow retrieval of designations for anonymous people in some cases, but retrieval will be more reliable through the core, authority-controlled Name category.
Conventions for devising Responsibility Descriptions for anonymous makers are provided below. Examples show both Responsibility Description and Name, in order to demonstrate the differences between description and access point functions for the same information.
STUDIO OF:
For hands working within the ambience of a Named person. Studio of is roughly equivalent to the following conventional expressions: associate of, assistant to, workshop of, pupil of, atelier of, and circle of.
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
studio of Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini |
NAME: |
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, studio of,Follower of |
OFFICE OF:
For items made by an identified individual under the direction of an architect or office; also for cases in which the identity of the maker is unknown, but that of the architectural firm through which the item was made is known.
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
office of Christopher Wren |
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Wren, Christopher, office of |
FOLLOWER OF:
For items attributed to a contemporary near, but not within the ambience of, an identified person. Equivalent terms are circle of, near to, and school of.
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
follower of Giovanni Battista Piranesi |
NAME: |
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, follower of |
AFTER:
For items made by a later hand who did not have direct contact with the identified person, but who was influenced by his or her work. Equivalent terms are style of, manner of, and tradition of.
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
after Martino Ferrabosco |
NAME: |
Ferrabosco, Martino, after |
COPYIST OF:
For items made by an anonymous hand who imitates the work of an identified person.
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION:: |
copyist of Sebastiano Serlio |
Name: |
Serlio, Sebastiano, copyist of |
Uncertain Attributions
In many instances, the identity of the maker is not known for certain. When an attribution is made, the degree of certainty may be expressed by the following conventions within the Responsibility Description category:
Attributed to may be used when the attribution is relatively certain. Note that Name should not include the words attributed to, because if it did, the entry would not file along with items definitely made by that person. (Compare this principle with the previous examples where terms such as studio of should be included in Name to distinguish the anonymous person from the associated Named person.)
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
attributed to Léon Vaudoyer |
NAME: |
Vaudoyer, Léon |
A question mark may be used when the attribution is less certain.
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Henry Hobson Richardson |
NAME: |
Richardson, Henry Hobson |
ROLE (BROAD) |
maker |
Note that both of these conventions are used with the Responsibility Description, not with the Name.
Former Attributions
Do not include Names of former attributions here. They should be recorded under Related People/Corporate Bodies.
Signed Items
In many cases, the Responsibility Description may be a transcription of a signature, especially when the maker's Name does not appear in an established bibliographic reference. When a Name is transcribed, it may be followed by the expressions (signed) and (initialed).
Examples: |
Eliel Saarinen (signed)
C G (initialed) |
It should be noted that many architectural documents are signed, but not necessarily by the maker. For Example, the supervising architect may sign the drawing, as an indication that he checked it for accuracy. In this case he would be recorded under Related People/Corporate Bodies. Only the person whose hand made the item should be included as the maker.
The Responsibility Description may include the Name of the architectural office under which the maker was employed when the item/group was made. This allows for the display of the relationship between the maker and the institutional context. In this case, both the maker and the corporate body should be made access points in the appropriate categories (here and Related People/Corporate Bodies).
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
John H. Howe, office of Frank Lloyd Wright |
NAME: |
Howe, John H. |
ROLE (BROAD) |
maker |
ROLE (NARROW) |
draftsman |
RELATED PERSON/CORPORATE BODY NAME: |
Frank Lloyd Wright |
RELATED ROLE: |
architect |
Changes of Name
The maker may have made items under different Names at different times, e.g., Marion Mahony, later Marion Mahony Griffin. The Name recorded in this category should be the Name the person was known by at the time the item was made.
Multiple Makers
If more than one person made the item(s), they can be Named and their sequence or contribution described. See also Multiple Items, below.
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Francesco di Giorgio Martini; reworked by Baldassare Peruzzi |
NAME: |
Martini, Francesco di Giorgio |
ROLE (BROAD) |
maker |
ROLE (NARROW) |
draftsman |
NAME: |
Peruzzi, Baldassare |
ROLE (BROAD) |
maker |
ROLE (NARROW) |
draftsman |
Multiple Items
Several people may be responsible for making multiple items such as prints and photographs. All of these individuals may be Named, along with their respective roles. Included are the following: [3]
Designer, that is, the conceiver of the image reproduced, which in the case of architectural prints may also be the architect of a subject or built work.
Delineator
Maker of the plate
Person who printed the plate; puller of the print; printer
Publisher
Distributor
Editor
Author
Example:
RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION: |
Designed by D. A. Alexander, engraved and published by William Daniell |
Implementation:
descriptive
core
single occurrence
Category: Name*
Definition:
The appellation by which the administrative origin or maker of the group or item is or was known, in its indexed (inverted) form.
Discussion:
This category is the complement to Responsibility Description. It is an authority-controlled category that will allow retrieval of specific Names.
Terminology:
People/Corporate Bodies authority guidelines under Name.
Implementation:
access point
authority-controlled: People/Corporate Bodies
core
single occurrence
Category: Role (Broad)
Definition:
A broad term to specify whether the corporate body or person was the administrative origin or maker of the group/item. In the case of albums, maker should be applied only to the person or people who made the contents; the compiler should be designated as such.
Discussion:
Supplying this generic access point allows differentiation of and retrieval by the broad roles of origination and creation. For item-level cataloguing, a more specific designation of the maker's role can be recorded in the category Role (Narrow).
Terminology:
Suggested terminology for this category:
administrative origin
compiler
maker
Implementation:
access point
terminology-controlled
core
repeatable
Category: Role (Narrow)
Definition:
A specific term for the part played by the person who physically made the item.
Discussion:
This category is applicable to item-level cataloguing only.
The information in this category makes the generic role of maker specific to the technique or medium of the item by using terms more familiar to researchers: draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, painter, renderer, photographer. Strictly speaking, it is redundant to say that a photographer made a photograph (Role (Narrow) and Document Type, respectively). In other words, it would be possible to retrieve all photographers by looking for all makers of Document Types that are photographs. However, this apparent redundancy does allow for retrieval of specific roles.
Terminology:
If using the AAT, terms may be taken from the People (HG) and Organizations (HN) hierarchies. [4] Typical roles for makers: draftsmen, painters, photographers, printmakers, engravers, authors.
Implementation:
access point
terminology-controlled
optional
repeatable
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