Note: Taken by Seljuqs in the 11th century; captured by Mongols in the 13th century; seized by Tamerlane in 1387; absorbed into the Ottoman Empire in 1514; withstood sieges from Iran in 1731 and Russia in 1807; lost to Russians in 1828 and 1855; annexed to Russia 1877-1878; given back to Turkey in 1918.