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Bikaner (Rajasthani (culture or style), Rajput, ... Styles and Periods (hierarchy name)) |
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Note: Refers to a school of Indian painting associated with the princely state of Bikaner in northwest Rajasthan. Of all Rajasthani schools, the Bikaner, from its beginning in the mid-17th century, shows the most indebtedness to the Mughal style. This is due to the alliance between the two from the late 16th century and the subsequent presence of artists who had worked in Mughal Dehli in Bikaner workshops. Consistent characteristics include delicate line, soft color, and a sympathy for the religious and literary themes favored by the royal Hindu patrons. Toward the end of the 18th century, it became more typically Rajasthani in style.
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| Terms: |
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| Bikaner (preferred,C,U,English-P,D,U,A)
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| Bikaner (Spanish-P,D,U,U)
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| Bikaner (Dutch-P,D,U,U)
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| 比卡內爾 (C,U,Chinese (traditional)-P,D,U,U)
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| 比康涅爾 (C,U,Chinese (traditional),UF,U,U)
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| bǐ kǎ nèi ěr (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Hanyu Pinyin)-P,UF,U,U)
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| bi ka nei er (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Pinyin without tones)-P,UF,U,U)
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| pi k'a nei erh (C,U,Chinese (transliterated Wade-Giles)-P,UF,U,U)
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| ביקאנר (C,U,Hebrew,D,A)
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Facet/Hierarchy Code: F.FL |
Hierarchical Position:
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Styles and Periods Facet |
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.... Styles and Periods (hierarchy name) (G) |
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........ <styles, periods, and cultures by region> (G) |
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............ Asian (G) |
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................ South Asian (G) |
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.................... Indian (South Asian) (G) |
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........................ Indian painting styles (G) |
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............................ Rajput (G) |
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................................ Rajasthani (culture or style) (G) |
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.................................... Bikaner (G) |
Additional Notes: |
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| Chinese (traditional) ..... 指與位於拉賈斯坦西北的比卡內爾土邦相關的印度畫派。在所有拉賈斯坦畫派當中，始於西元十七世紀中的比卡內爾畫派受到蒙兀兒風格的影響最深，原因在於西元十六世紀晚期兩者開始的政治結盟，以及其後有些曾在蒙兀兒德里地區作畫的畫家轉至比卡內爾畫坊作畫。比卡內爾畫派的共同特色包括：細緻的線條、柔和的用色、繪製印度王室贊助人偏好的宗教與文學主題。到了十八世紀末，比卡內爾畫派在風格上變得較具拉賈斯坦的典型特色。
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| Dutch ..... Verwijst naar een school van Indiase schilderkunst die wordt geassocieerd met het vorstendom Bikaner in het noordwesten van Rajasthan. Van alle Rajasthan-scholen is de Bikaner-school sedert zijn ontstaan, halverwege de 17de eeuw, het sterkst schatplichtig aan de Mogolstijl. Een verbond dat Bikaner eind 16de eeuw met de Mogols had gesloten, resulteerde namelijk in de komst van kunstenaars die in Bikaner-ateliers in het Delhi van de Mogols hadden gewerkt. Telkens terugkerende kenmerken zijn een elegante lijnvoering, zachte kleuren en een voorkeur voor de religieuze en literaire thema's die bij de koninklijke hindoe-opdrachtgevers in de smaak vielen. Tegen het einde van de 18de eeuw ging de stijl meer op die van Rajasthan lijken. |
| Spanish ..... Se refiere a la escuela de pintura india asociada con el estado principesco de Bikaner en el noroeste de Rajasthan. De todas las escuelas de Rajasthani, la Bikaner, desde sus inicios a mediados del siglo XVII, es la que muestra la mayor deuda al estilo Mughal. Esto es debido a la alianza entre las dos desde fines del siglo XVI y la presencia subsecuente de artistas que habían trabajado en los talleres Mughal Dehli de Bikaner. Las características constantes incluyen línea delicada, color suave y una simpatía por los temas religiosos y literarios favorecidos por los mecenas reales hindúes. Hacia el fin del siglo XVIII, se volvió más típicamente Rajasthani en estilo. |
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Sources and Contributors: |
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| Bikaner............ |
[CDBP-SNPC Preferred, IMJ Preferred, RKD, AAT-Ned Preferred, VP Preferred] |
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AAT-Ned (1994-) |
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Dasai, Life at Court (1985) 157 |
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Encyclopedia Britannica Online (2002-) "Bikaner." accessed 9/26/00. |
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Grove Dictionary of Art (1996) Vol. 15, 608 |
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Israel Museum Jerusalem contribution (n.d.) |
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Leach, Indian Miniature Paintings (1986) vi |
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Pal, Court Paintings of India (1983) 333 |
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Pearman, CMA Slide Library Classification (1980s) 324 |
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TAA database (2000-) |
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Tandan, Indian Miniature Painting (1982) 13 |
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Times atlas of the world (1990) |
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University of Michigan Slide Classification (n.d.) 2L |
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