3

EDITORIAL RULES, CONTINUED

3.5

Associative Relationships

Included in this chapter

• Related Concepts
• Relationship Type
• Historical Flag
• Dates for Associative Relationship
  

• Example
  [from VCS, for "travertine"]

[from an end-user display, for "travertine"]

3.5.1

Related Concepts

3.5.1.1

Definition
Associative relationships between one concept record to other concept records in the AAT. Included are various types of ties or connections between concepts, excluding genus/species and other hierarchical relationships. Related Concepts are also called Related Terms (RT) in the jargon of thesaurus construction.

3.5.1.2

Values
Values for the Related Entity display are concatenated using the preferred name and other information from the linked record.

3.5.1.3

Sources: Warrant for linking the concepts
The same standard general references that are appropriate for the Scope Note may be used to determine which concepts are related. See 3.4 Scope Note.

3.5.1.4

Discussion
A Related Concept represents an associative relationships between the AAT record at hand and another AAT record. Only clear and direct relationships should be recorded. These direct relationships are typically current, but occasionally may be historical.

• Associative relationships provide powerful semantic links to aid in retrieval, research, and discovery of materials using the Getty Vocabularies. Make links between Related Concepts when the concepts are directly and uniquely related, but where hierarchical relationships are inappropriate. Do not make indirect Associativbe Relationship links. If a thesaurus is bound together by too many associative relationships between entities that are only loosely or indirectly related, the value of the relationships in retrieval is diminished.
  
  
• Consider this question: If the end-user is interested in retrieving Concept X, will he or she also want to retrieve Concept Y? Is this a unique and important relationship? In general, if making one link could logically mean that more than 10 other links could be made to this concept, do not make the link: probably this is not a direct relationship.
  
  
• For example, linking brushes to the hundreds of activities that could involve a brush should be avoided. However, linking watercolor brushes to watercolor painting (technique) would be a direct, unique, and appropriate Associative Relationship.

3.5.1.5

RULES

3.5.1.5.1

Minimum requirements
Adding a Related Concept is required when necessary, as described under Relationship Type below.

• Link concepts that contain terms that are semantically or conceptually linked, but are neither equivalents (synonyms) nor hierarchically related.

3.5.1.5.2

When to make Associative Relationships
Link Related Concepts when it is useful to the end-user to have a cross-reference to the other concepts, and when the concepts are uniquely and directly related to each other but they do not have a hierarchical relationship. Think in terms of retrieval: Would such a link be useful when using the AAT to advance research and discovery?

If the concept records are clearly related but they are not linked via the hierarchy, create an associative relationship to prevent the conceptual link from being lost. In the examples below, the Related Concepts are in different hierarchies from the record for watercolors.

• Examples
  [for "watercolors" paintings]
  
• Relationship Type: 2212 produced by
  Related Concept: watercolor brushes (<artists' brushes by function>, artists' brushes, ... Furnishings and Equipment)
  
  Relationship Type: 2501 made of/require
  Related Concept: watercolor (water-base paint, <paint by composition or origin>, ... Materials)
  
  Relationship Type: 2501 made of/require
  Related Concept: watercolor paper (drawing paper, <paper by function>, ... Materials)
  
  Relationship Type: 2325 created by
  Related Concept: watercolorists (<painters by technique, implement, or material employed>, implement, ... People)
  
  Relationship Type: 2427 produced by
  Related Concept: watercolor painting (technique) (<painting techniques by medium>, painting techniques, ... Processes and Techniques, Activities Facet)
  

• Do children inherit associative relationships from parents?
  Link Associative Relationships at the most specific level appropriate, of equal specificity on both sides of the relationship. Do not link a general relationship to all of the specific children on the other side of the relationship, because this would be contrary to the rule of making only direct and unique relationships.
  
  For example, painting equipment - 2211 produce(s) - paintings (visual works). However, do not link the general term painting equipment to specific types of paintings (e.g., do not link the general painting equipment to the specific oil paintings (visual works)).
  

• Guide terms
  Avoid making associative relationships between Guide Terms. However, such relationships may be made when this is the most efficient or only way to make the link.
  
  
• Confusion between two concepts
  If there is a significant possibility that two concepts may be confused by AAT users, link them as Related Concepts.
  
• Example
  [for "airfields"]

• See the list of Relationship Types below for further examples of when to make Related Concepts.
  
  
• Homographs
  If the only cause of potential confusion is that the descriptors or other terms are homographs or have similar spelling, do not link them as Related Concepts. Make a Qualifier for both terms to distinguish them from each other (see Chapter 3.3: Terms).
  
  
  • In the rare event that the historical meanings of the terms have changed, explain it in the Scope Note and link the terms as Related Concepts.
    
    
• Example
  [for "dinoi"]
• Scope Note: Used by modern scholars to refer to ancient Greek large, round-bottomed bowls that curve into a wide, open mouth, and that often stood on a stand. Metal vessels of this shape were probably used for cooking and those made of terracotta were used for mixing wine and date from the mid-seventh through the late fifth centuries BCE. They are distinguished from "lebetes" by their larger size. Ancient literary evidence suggests that the term was originally applied to drinking cups rather than bowls, and that such bowls were at that time called "lebetes."
  
• Relationship Type: 2100 distinguished from
  Related Concept: lebetes (vessels, <containers by form>, ... Furnishings and Equipment)
  
  
• Hierarchical vs. Associative Relationships
  Do not make associative relationships when genus/species hierarchical relationships are more appropriate. Generally, concept records that have the same parent or grandparent, or that have a parent/child relationship themselves, should not be linked as Related Works. An exception is for the Relationship Type distinguished from (see discussion of Relationship Types below). See also 3.1 Hierarchical Relationships.
  
  
  • If you are tempted to make an associative relationship, but none of the Relationship Types seems to fit, reconsider the value of such an associative relationship.
    
    
  • Note that hierarchical relationships in AAT are nearly always genus/species; hierarchical relationships usually do not include whole/part or instance relationship types.

3.5.2

Relationship Type

3.5.2.1

Definition
A phrase characterizing the relationship between the concept at hand and the linked concept.

3.5.2.2

Values
Values are chosen from a controlled list comprising a code and phrase. Each code-plus-phrase is linked to another code, which is the reciprocal relationship.

3.5.2.3

RULES

3.5.2.3.1

Appropriate Relationship Types
It is required to include a Relationship Type for each Related Concept.

• Choose a specific suitable Relationship Type, based on examples and rules outlined in the crosswalk and matrix.
  
  
• Crosswalk for AAT Relationship Types, by Concepts (PDF, 232 KB, 10pp)
• Full Matrix of AAT Relationship Types, by Code (PDF, 64 KB, 9pp)
  
  
• Link to the correct side of the relationship
  Remember that Relationship Types are reciprocal (that is, linked to both records). When you choose a Relationship Type, make sure that the Relationship Type and its counterpart will work from the points of view of both linked records. Be very careful! It is critical that the relationships are logically represented.
  
  
  • For example, if you are in the record for naive artists and you want to link to naive art, you should use 2326 create: that is, naive artists - 2326 create - naive art. But from the point of view of the other record: naive art - 2325 [is] created by - naive artists.

• Avoid Redundant Relationships
  Link a concept to another concept only once. If multiple relationships apply, choose the predominant or best one.

• Relationships mentioned in the Scope Note
  Important relationships having to do with the meaning or usage of the term should be mentioned in the Scope Note and often linked as an associative relationship. This relationship is often distinguished from, but you should use whatever Relationship Type is compatible with the description in the Scope Note. See also 3.4 Scope Note.
  
  
• Examples
  [in the record for "rock-cut churches"]
  
• Scope Note: Churches comprising spaces that have been cut into the living rock. They are distinguished from "cave churches," which utilize natural cavities in the earth's surface.
• Relationship Type: 2100 distinguished from
  Related Concept: cave churches
  
  [in the record for "eaves"]
  
• Scope Note: Refers to the horizontal portions of a sloping roof that project beyond the walls. For portions of the roof projecting beyond the gable, use "verges."
• Relationship Type: 2100 distinguished from
  Related Concept: verges
  

• Definitions of Relationship Types
  Apply Relationship Types according to the definitions and examples in the crosswalk and the list below. It will be easier to use the crosswalk in your daily work (rather than the list below), since the crosswalk is arranged by entity types rather than by code; searching for correct relationship types by entity type is more suited to your working process than scanning by code.
  
  
  • For some relationships, the relationship type is the same on both sides of the link; however, for most it is different depending upon which record you are in. Be very careful to choose the correct relationship for the focus record (i.e., the record you are in when you make the relationship).
    

   » List of relationship types:

• Any to any. Use for a generic relationship that is not explained. Usually limited to data loaded without correct relationship types.
  
  
• Example
• 2000 any - related to - any
• [same]
  
  gulf red - 2000 [is] related to - light red (pigment)
  light red (pigment) - 2000 [is] related to - gulf red
  
  

• Any to any. Use for relationships that no longer exist because language or the state of scholarship has changed.
  
  
• Example
• 2001 any - formerly referred to - any
• [same]
  
  gigues - 2001 formerly referred to - fiddles
  fiddles - 2001 formerly referred to - gigues
  
  

• Any to any. Use when there is a significant risk that two or more concepts could be confused or misused.
  
  
• Examples
• 2100 any - distinguished from - any
• [same]
  
  historic farms - 2100 [are] distinguished from - abandoned farms
  naive art - 2100 [is] distinguished from - outsider art
  
  abandoned farms - 2100 [are] distinguished from - historic farms
  outsider art - 2100 [is] distinguished from - naive art
  
  

• Any to any. Use when the terms are not synonyms (UFs) and thus are recorded in separate concept records, but a significant part of the meaning or usage of the concepts overlaps.
  
  
• Examples
• 2110 any - meaning/usage overlaps with - any
• [same]
  
  chimney hoods - 2110 [has] meaning/ usage [that] overlaps with - chimney caps
  scribes - 2110 [has] meaning/usage that overlaps [with] - copyists
  
  chimney caps - 2110 [has] meaning/ usage that overlaps [with] - chimney hoods
  copyists - 2110 [has] meaning/usage that overlaps [with] - scribes
  

• Activity/event to activity/event. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities. Excludes cause/effect relationships.
  
  
• Examples
• 2203 activity/event/ [process/ function] - [is] associated with - activity/event/ [process/ function]
• [same]
  
  Easter - 2203 [is] associated with - Lent
  cavalry exercises - 2203 [are] associated with - dressage
  
  Lent - 2203 [is] associated with - Easter
  dressage - 2203 [is] associated with - calvary exercises
  

• Activity/event to activity/event. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities. One activity causes another.
  
  
• Examples
• 2205 activity/event/ [process/ function] - causes/is required for - activity/event/ [process/ function]
• 2206 activity/event/[process/ function] - [is] caused by/dependent upon - activity/event/ [process/ function]
  
  on-demand printing - 2205 causes/ is required [for]- on-demand publishing
  preserving - 2205 causes/is required [for]- preservation
  
  on-demand publishing - 2206 [is] caused by/requires - on-demand printing
  preservation - 2206 [is] caused by/requires -preserving
  

• Locus/setting to things. Includes as locus/setting any built work, settlement, or feature in the Built Environment and natural landscapes. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2208 locus/setting - [is] locus/setting for - things
• 2209 things -used/located in - locus/setting
  
  glassworks (buildings) - 2208 [are the] locus/setting for - glassware
  caves - 2208 [are the] locus/setting for - cave paintings
  
  glassware - 2209 [is] used/located in - glassworks (buildings)
  cave paintings - 2209 [are] used/located in - caves

• Things to things. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2211 things/[equipment] - produce - things
• 2212 things - [are] produced by - things/ [equipment]
  
  stereoscopic cameras - 2211 produce - stereoscopic photographs
  punches (marking tools) - 2211 produce - punchwork
  
  stereoscopic photographs - 2212 [are] produced by - stereoscopic cameras
  punchwork - 2212 [is] produced by - punches (marking tools)
  

• Things to things. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Excludes things used to create other things, but includes things required for the second thing to exist.
  
  
• Example
• 2215 things - [are] required for - things
• 2216 things - require - things [in order to exist or work]
  
  eyelets - 2215 [are] required for - broderie anglaise
  compact discs - 2215 [are] required for - compact disc players
  
  broderie anglaise - 2216 require[s] -eyelets
  compact disc players - 2216 require - compact discs
  

• Things to things. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2218 things - [are] used/function as - things
• 2219 things - have form [of] - things
  
  arc lamps - 2218 [are] used/function as - lighthouse lamps
  toile peinte - 2218 [is] used/function[s] as - cartoons (working drawings)
  
  lighthouse lamps - 2219 have [the] form [of] - arc lamps
  cartoons (working drawings) - 2219 have [the] form [of] - toile peinte

• Role to genus/species. Role includes the roles of people and organizations in Agents, but excluding living organisms. Genus/species Includes genus/species or others from Living Organisms.
  
  
• Examples
• 2222 [actors having] role - act upon - genus/species
• 2223 genus/species - is acted upon [by] - [actors having] role
  
  jockeys - 2222 act upon - Equus caballus(species)
  tappers - 2222 act upon - Acer saccharum(species)
  
  Equus caballus(species) - 2223 is acted upon [by] - jockeys; Acer saccharum(species) - 2223 is acted upon [by] - tappers

• Role to role. Role includes the roles of people and organizations in Agents, but excluding living organisms. Note: This relationshihp is used only for special cases; typical gender counterparts are ADs within the same record, in all languages.
  
  
• Examples
• 2281 role - [is] counterpart to - role
• [same]
  
  duchesses - 2281 have counterpart - dukes
  godesses - 2281 have counterpart - gods
  
  dukes - 2281 have counterpart - duchesses
  gods - 2281 have counterpart - goddesses

• Field/discipline to role. Includes field/discipline from Activities - Disciplines. Role includes the roles of people and organizations in Agents, but excluding living organisms.
  
  
• Examples
• 2285 field [of study, genre]/ discipline - [is] practiced/studied by - a role
• 2286 [actor having] role - practice/study - field [of study, genre]/ discipline
  
  Egyptology - 2285 [is] practiced/studied by - Egyptologists; architectural history - 2285 [is] practiced/studied by - architectural historians
  
  Egyptologists - 2286 practice/study - Egyptology
  architectural historians - 2286 practice/study - architectural history

• Locus/setting to role. Includes as locus/setting any built work, settlement, or feature in the Built Environment and natural landscapes. Role includes the roles of people and organizations in Agents, but excluding living organisms.
  
  
• Example
• 2291 locus/setting - [is] locus setting for - [actor or institution having] role
• 2292 [actor or institution having] role - work/live/ [exist] in - locus/setting
  
  roperies - 2291 [are the] locus/setting for - rope-makers
  convents (built complexes) - 2291 [are the] locus/setting for - nuns
  libraries (buildings) - 2291 [are the] locus/setting for - libraries (institutions)
  
  rope-makers - 2292 live/work in - roperies
  nuns - 2292 live/work in - convents (built complexes)
  libraries (institutions) - 2292 live/work in - libraries (buildings)

• Activity/event to role. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Example
• 2311 activity/event/ [process/ function] - [is] performed by - [actors having] a role
• 2312 [actors having] a role - perform - activity/event/ process
  
  clockmaking - 2311 [is] performed by - clockmakers
  curating - 2311 [is] performed by - curators
  
  clockmakers - 2312 perform - clockmaking
  curators - 2312 perform - curating

• Material to role. Includes all materials from Materials. Includes as role all generic terms for people and organizations in Agents; excluding living organisms.
  
  
• Examples
• 2315 material - [is] used by - [actors having] role
• 2316 [actors having] role - use - material
  
  precious stone - 2315 [is] used by - lapidiaries
  brass (alloy) - 2315 [is] used by - braziers (metalworkers)
  
  lapidaries - 2316 use - precious stone
  braziers (metalworkers) - 2316 use - brass (alloy)

• Role to activity/event. Includes as role all generic terms for people and organizations in Agents; excluding living organisms. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities. Excludes creation activities.
  
  
• Examples
• 2318 [actors having] role -[are] involved in - activity/event
• 2319 activity/event - involves - [actors having] role
  
  bridegrooms - 2318 [are] involved in - weddings
  martyrs - 2318 [are] involved in - martyrdoms
  
  weddings - 2319 involve - bridegrooms
  martyrdoms - 2319 involve - martyrs

• Things are used by role. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes as role all generic terms for people and organizations in Agents; excluding living organisms.
  
  
• Examples
• 2321 things/equipment - [are] used by - [actors having] role
• 2322 [actors having] role - use - things/equipment
  
  violoncellos - 2321 [are] used by - violoncellists
  surveying instruments - 2321 [are] used by - surveyors
  
  violoncellists - 2322 use - violoncellos
  surveyors - 2322 use - surveying instruments
  

• Things to role. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes as role all generic terms for people and organizations in Agents; excluding living organisms.
  
  
• Examples
• 2325 things - [are] created by - [actors having] role
• 2326 [actors having] role - create - things
  
  drawings - 2325 [are] created by - draftsmen
  poems - 2325 [are] created by - poets
  
  draftsmen - 2326 create - drawings
  poets - 2326 create - poems
  

• Role to things. Includes as role all generic terms for people and organizations in Agents; excluding living organisms. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Excluding using things or creating things.
  
  
• Examples
• 2328 [actors having] role - [are] involved in- things
• 2329 things - involve - [actors having] role
  
  sitters - 2328 [are] involved with - portraits
  actors (performing artists) - 2328 [are] involved with - motion pictures (visual works)
  
  portraits - 2329 involve - sitters
  motion pictures (visual works) - 2329 involve - actors (performing artists)

• Role to role [organizations]. Includes as role all generic terms for people and organizations in Agents; excluding living organisms.
  
  
• Examples
• 2332 [actors having] role - [are] affiliated with - role [organization]
• 2333 role [organizations] - have affiliates - [actors having] role
  
  students - 2332 [are] affiliated with - schools (organizations)
  dukes - 2332 [are] affiliated with- duchies
  
  schools (organizations) - 2333 have [as] affiliates - students
  duchies - 2333 have [as] affiliates - dukes

• Role to style/period/culture. Includes as role all generic terms for people and organizations in Agents; excluding living organisms. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2335 [actors having] role - [are] associated with - style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology]
• 2336 style/period/ culture/ [relgion] - has associates - [actors having] role
  
  abstract artists - 2335 [are] associated with - Abstract (fine arts style)
  popes - 2335 [are] associated with - Roman Catholicism
  
  Abstract (fine arts style) - 2336 has associates - abstract artists
  Roman Catholicism - 2336 has associates - popes

• Any to field/discipline. Includes field/discipline from Activities - Disciplines.
  
  
• Example
• 2397 any - [is] focus of - field [of study]/discipline
• 2398 field [of study]/discipline - focuses on - any
  
  manuscripts - 2397 [are the] focus of - codicology
  music - 2397 [is the] focus of - musicology
  Plantae (kingdom) - 2397 [is the] focus of - botany
  
  codicology - 2398 focuses on - manuscripts
  musicology - 2398 focuses on - music
  bontany - 2398 focuses on - Plantae (kingdom)

• Locus/setting to field/discipline. Includes as locus/setting any built work, settlement, or feature in the Built Environment and natural landscapes. Includes field/discipline from Activities - Disciplines.
  
  
• Example
• 2408 locus/setting - [is] locus/setting for - field of study/discipline
• 2409 field of study/discipline - takes place in - locus/setting
  
  schools (buildings) - 2408 [are the] locus/setting for - education
  hospitals (buildings) - 2408 [are the] locus/setting for - medicine (discipline)
  
  education - 2409 takes place in - schools (buildings)
  medicine (discipline) - 2409 takes place in - hospitals (buildings)

• Activity/event to field/discipline. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Example
• 2411 activity/event/ [process/ function] - [is] involved in - field/discipline
• 2412 field/discipline - involves - activity/event/ [process/ function]
  
  journalistic photography - 2411 [is] involved in - photojournalism (discipline)
  gardening - 2411 [is] involved in - horticulture
  
  photojournalism (discipline) - 2412 involves - journalistic photography
  horticulture - 2412 involves - gardening
  

• Material to activity/event. Includes all materials from Materials Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Example
• 2415 material - [is] required for - activity/event/ [process/ function]
• 2416 activity/event/ [process/ function] - requires - material
  
  dye - 2415 [is] required for - dying
  pewter - 2415 [is] required for - pewtersmithing
  
  dying - 2416 requires - dye
  pewtersmithing - 2416 requires - pewter
  

• Field/discipline/things. Includes disciplines from the Activities facet. Includes concepts in the Objexts Facet and other hierarchies.
  
  
• Example
• 2418 field [of study]/ discipline - uses - things/ [equipment]
• 2419 things/ [equipment] - [are] used for - field [of study]/ discipline
  
  astronomy - 2418 uses - astronomical instruments
  divination [discipline] - 2418 uses - divination objects
  
  astronomical instruments - 2419 [are] used for - astronomy
  divination objects - 2419 [are] used for - divination [discipline]
  

• Locus/setting to activity/event. Includes as locus/setting any built work, settlement, or feature in the Built Environment and natural landscapes. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Example
• 2421 locus/setting - [is] locus/setting for - activity/event/ [process/ function]
• 2422 activity/event/ [process/ function] - takes place in - locus/setting
  
  smelters (metalworking plants) - 2421 [are the] locus/setting for - smelting
  pilgrimage centers - 2421 [are the] locus/setting for - pilgrimages
  
  smelting - 2422 takes place in - smelters (metalworking plants)
  pilgrimages - 2422 take place in - pilgrimage centers
  

• Material to activity/event/process. Includes all materials from Materials. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Example
• 2424 material - [is] produced by - activity/ event/process
• 2425 activity/event/ process - produces - material
  
  wire - 2424 [is] produced by - wiredrawing
  paper - 2424 [is] produced by - papermaking
  
  wiredrawing - 2425 produces - wire
  papermaking - 2425 produces - paper

• Things produced by activity/event/process. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Examples
• 2427 things - [are] produced by - activity/ event/process
• 2428 activity/event/ process - produces - things
  
  vase paintings (visual works) - 2427 [are] produced by - vase painting (image making)
  forgeries - 2427 [are] produced by - forging (copying)
  
  vase painting (image making) - 2428 produces - vase paintings (visual works)
  forging (copying) - 2428 produces - forgeries
  

• Things to activity/event/process. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Examples
• 2431 things/equipment - [are] required for - activity/event/ process
• 2432 activity/event/ process - requires - things/equipment
  
  painting equipment - 2431 [is] required for - painting (image making)
  dowels - 2431 [are] required for - doweling
  
  painting (image making) - 2432 requires - painting equipment
  doweling - 2432 requires - dowels
  

• Things to activity/event/process. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Examples
• 2434 things - [are] contextualized in - activity/event/process
• 2435 activity/event/ process - [is] context for - things
  
  funeral books - 2434 [are] contextualized in - funerals
  Christmas trees - 2434 [are] contextualized in - Christmas
  
  funerals - 2435 [are the] context for - funeral books
  Christmas - 2435 [is the] context for - Christmas trees

• Things to material. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes all materials from Materials.
  
  
• Examples
• 2501 things - [are] made of/require - material
• 2502 material - [is] material for - things
  
  obsidian mirrors - 2501 [are] made of/require - obsidian
  ivories (sculptures) - 2501 [are] made of/require - ivory
  
  obsidian - 2502 [is] material for - obsidian mirrors
  ivory - 2502 [is] material for - ivories (sculptures)

• Material to locus/setting. Includes all materials from Materials. Includes as locus/setting any built work, settlement, or feature in the Built Environment and natural landscapes.
  
  
• Examples
• 2504 material - [is] used/located in - locus/setting
• 2505 locus/setting - [is] locus/setting for - material
  
  tephra - 2504 [is] used/located in [at] - volcanoes
  brick (clay product) - 2504 [is] used/located in - brickworks (factories)
  
  volcanoes - 2505 [are the] locus/setting for - tephra
  brickworks (factories) - 2505 [are the] locus/setting for - brick (clay product)

• Things to material. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes all materials from Materials.
  
  
• Examples
• 2507 things/ [equipment] - produce/process - material
• 2508 material - [is] produced/ processed by - things/ [equipment]
  
  cotton gins - 2507 produce/process - cotton (fiber)
  waterwells - 2507 produce/process - groundwater
  
  cotton (fiber) - 2508 [is] produced/processed by - cotton gins
  groundwater - 2508 [is] produced/processed by - water wells
  

• Things to style/period/culture. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2551 things - reflect/[are] produced by - style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology]
• 2552 style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology] - [is] reflected in/produces - things
  
  Nasca lines - 2551 reflect/[are] produced by - Nasca [culture]
  Judaica - 2551 reflects/[is] produced by - Judaism
  
  Nasca [culture] - 2552 [is] reflected in/produces - Nasca lines
  Judaism - 2552 [is] reflected in/produces - Judaica

• Activity/event to style/period/culture. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2554 activity/event - reflects - style/period/ culture /[religion/ ideology]
• 2555 style/period/ culture /[religion/ ideology] - [is] reflected in activity/event
  
  dhokra (casting technique) - 2554 reflects - Dhokra (culture)
  red-figure vase painting - 2554 reflects - Red-figure [style]
  
  Dhokra (culture) - 2555 [is] reflected in - dhokra (casting technique)
  Red-figure [style] - 2555 [is ]reflected in - red-figure vase painting

• Field/discipline to style/period/culture. Includes field/discipline from Activities - Disciplines. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2557 field/discipline - reflects - style/period/ culture / [religion/ ideology]
• 2558 style/period/ culture /[religion/ ideology] - [is] reflected in field/discipline
  
  bugatu [dance discipline] - 2557 reflects - Buddhism
  church history - 2557 reflects - Christianity
  classics (discipline) - 2557 reflects - Ancient Greek [culture]
  
  Buddhism - 2558 [is] reflected in - bugatu [dance discipline]
  Christianity - 2558 [is] reflected in - church history
  Ancient Greek [culture] - 2558 [is] reflected in - classics (discipline)

• Locus/setting to style/period/culture. Includes as locus/setting any built work, settlement, or feature in the Built Environment and natural landscapes. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2562 locus/setting - [is] locus/setting for - style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology]
• 2563 style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology] - is located/ reflected in - locus/setting
  
  First Nations reserves - 2562 [are the] locus/setting for - First Nations (culture)
  agraharas - 2562 [are the] locus/setting for - Brahmanism
  
  First Nations (culture) - 2563 [is] located/reflected in - First Nations reserves
  Brahmanism - 2563 [is] located/reflected in - agraharas

• Attributes / associated concepts to role. Includes attributes/ associated concepts from Physical Attributes and Associated Concepts. Includes as role all generic terms for people and organizations in Agents; excluding living organisms.
  
  
• Examples
• 2601 attributes / associated concepts - [is] possessed by/existing in - role [of actors]
• 2602 role [of actors] - possess/exist in - attributes / associated concepts
  
  adulthood - 2601 [is] possessed by/existing in - adults
  nomadism - 2601 [is] possessed by/existing in - nomads
  
  adults - 2602 possess/exist in - adulthood
  nomads - 2602 possess/exist in - [state of] nomadism

• Attributes / associated concepts to things. Includes attributes/ associated concepts from Physical Attributes and Associated Concepts. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2604 attributes / associated concepts - [is] possessed by/existing in - things
• 2605 things - possess/exist in - attributes / associated concepts
  
  boudoir (photograph size) - 2604 [is] possessed by/existing in - boudoir photographs
  ruined [condition]- 2604 [is] possessed by/existing in - ruins
  
  boudoir photographs - 2605 possess/exist in - boudoir (photograph size)
  ruins - 2605 possess/exist in - ruined [contition]

• Attributes / associated concepts to activity/event. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities. Includes attributes/ associated concepts from Physical Attributes and Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2607 attributes / associated concepts - [is] caused by/requires - an activity/ event/ [process/ function]
• 2608 activity/event/ [process/ function] - causes/[is] required for - [a] state/condition/ attributes
  
  watertightness - 2607 [is] caused by/requires - waterproofing
  creases (condition) - 2607 [is] caused by/requires - creasing (process)
  
  waterproofing - 2608 causes/[is] required for - watertighness
  creasing (process) - 2608 causes/[is] required for - creases (condition)

• Attributes / associated concepts to role. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities. Includes roles.
  
  
• Examples
• 2609 attributes / associated concepts - [is] caused by/requires - role
• 2610 role - causes/[is] required for - [a] state/condition/ attributes
  
  bubonic plague - 2609 [is] caused by/requires - Yersinia pestis
  dry rot - 2609 [is] caused by/requires - wood(plant material)
  
  Yersinia pestis - 2610 causes/[is] required for - bubonic plague
  wood(plant material)- 2610 causes/[is] required for - dry rot

• Attributes / associated concepts to material. Includes attributes/ associated concepts from Physical Attributes and Associated Concepts. Includes all materials from Materials.
  
  
• Examples
• 2612 attributes / associated concepts - is possessed by/existing in - material
• 2613 material - possesses/exists in - condition/ state/ [property]
  
  dry rot - 2612 [is] possessed by/ existing in - wood (plant material)
  dielectric properties - 2612 [are] possessed by/ existing in - dielectric (material)
  
  wood (plant material) - 2613 possesses/ exists in - [condition of] dry rot
  dielectric (material) - 2613 possesses/exists in - dielectric properties

• Things to things. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. This relationship is used only with direct relationships, where both items typically exist together and are of equal or near-equal size and importance.
  
  
• Examples
• 2801 things - [are] conjuncted with - things
• [same]
  
  cups - 2801 [are] conjuncted with - saucers
  dining tables - 2801 [are] conjuncted with - dining chairs
  
  saucers - 2801 [are] conjuncted with - cups
  dining chairs - 2801 [are] conjuncted with - dining tables

• Material to brand name. Includes all materials from Materials. Brand names are only those brand names in the Brand Name facet; trademarked names found as D or UF in other records will gradually be moved to the Brand Name facet.
  
  
• Examples
• 2802 material - [is] exemplified by - brand name
• 2803 brand name - [is] example of - material
  
  petrolium jelly - 2802 [is] exemplified by - Vaseline (TM)
  polytetrafluoroethyelene - 2802 [is] exemplified by - Teflon (TM)
  
  Vaseline (TM) - 2803 [is an] example of - petrolium jelly
  Teflon (TM) - 2803 [is an] example of - polytetrafluoroethyelene

• Things to things. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2805 [smaller] things - [are] contextualized in - [larger] things
• 2806 [larger] things - provide context [for] - [smaller] things
  
  predellas - 2805 [are] contextualized in - altarpieces
  chapters - 2805 [are] contextualized in - books
  
  altarpieces - 2806 provide context [for] - predellas
  books - 2806 provide context [for] - chapters

• Material to material. Includes all materials from Materials. Use for materials derived from a common source. If the source object or material is also in the AAT, and the two things are already linked to it, it is not necessary to redundantly link them to each other. However, you may do so for clarity or to emphasize this relationship, in some cases.
  
  
• Examples
• 2807 material - [is] derived from common source [as] - material
• [same]
  
  malachite (mineral) - 2807 [is] derived from common source [with]- azurite (mineral)
  mustard(material) - 2807 [is] derived from common source [with] - mustard oil
  
  azurite (mineral) - 2807 [is] derived from common source [with] - malachite (mineral)
  mustard oil - 2807 [is] derived from common source [with] - mustard (material)

• Style/period/culture to style/period/culture. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts. Use when the the concepts are related, but the relative chronological relationship between the style/period/cultures is not apparent in the genus/species structure of the hierarchy, as when they are placed in different hierarchies.
  
  
• Examples
• 2809 style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology] - coexisted with - style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology]
• [same]
  
  Sangoan - 2809 coexisted with - Fauresmith
  Early Minoan - 2809 coexisted with - Prepalatial
  
  Fauresmith - 2809 coexisted with - Sangoan
  Prepalatial - 2809 coexisted with - Early Minoan

• Style/period/culture to style/period/culture. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts. Use when the concepts are related, but the relative chronological relationship between the style/period/cultures is not apparent in the genus/species structure of the hierarchy, as when they are placed in different hierarchies.
  
  
• Examples
• 2811 style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology] - preceded - style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology]
• 2812 style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology] - followed - style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology]
  
  Impressionist - 2811 preceded - Abstract Impressionist
  Acheulian - 2811 preceded - Micoquian
  
  Abstract Impressionism - 2812 followed - Impressionist
  Micoquian - 2812 followed - Acheulian

• Material to Material. Includes all materials from Materials. Use for materials that comprise another material. Do not use if there is already a hierarchical relationship between the materials.
  
  
• Examples
• 2814 material - [is] constituent of - material
• 2815 material - [is] composed of - material
  
  titanium white - 2814 [is a] constituent of - composite white
  iron oxide - 2814 [is a] constituent of - desert varnish
  
  composite white - 2815 [is] composed of - titanium white
  desert varnish - 2815 [is] composed of - iron oxide

• Material to material. Includes all materials from Materials. Use for materials that are transformed into another material, whether by natural or artificial process. Do not use if there is already a hierarchical relationship between the materials.
  
  
• Examples
• 2817 material - [is] derived/ made from - material
• 2818 material - [is] source for - material
  
  gypsum - 2817 [is] derived/made from - anhydrite
  wood board - 2817 [is] derived/made from - timber (lumber)
  
  anhydrite - 2818 [is the] source for - gypsum
  timber (lumber) - 2818 [is the] source for - wood board

• Any to any. Use when one thing, material, style/period, etc. is based on another, and the records are not linked through the hierarchy. Do not use when both records are in the same segment of the hierarchy. Do not use when one thing or style/period simply influenced another. A relationship characterized by "influenced by" is not significant enough to warrant an associative relationship.
  
  
• Examples
• 2821 any - [is] based on - any
• 2822 any - [is] basis of - any
  
  Neo-Gothic - 2821 [is] based on - Gothic (Medieval)
  curved [form attribute] - 2821 [is] based on - curves (geometric figures)
  pencils - 2821 [are] based on - plummets
  
  Gothic (Medieval) - 2822 [is the] basis of - Neo-Gothic
  curves (geometric figures) - 2822 [are the- basis of - curved [form attribute]
  plummets - 2822 [are the] basis of - pencils

• Style/period/culture to style/period/culture. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts. Use to link two cultures, styles etc. that exhibit parallels accepted by the scholarly community, but the concepts are not tied as preceded/followed or coexisted with.
  
  
• Examples
• 2824 style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology] - has parallels with - style/period/ culture/ [religion/ ideology]
• [same]
  
  Lagozza [culture] - 2824 has parallels with - Chasseen [culture]
  Gnathian (pottery style) - 2824 has parallels with - West Slope (pottery style)
  
  Chasseen [culture] - 2824 has parallels with - Lagozza [culture]; West Slope (pottery style) - 2824 has parallels with - Gnathian (pottery style)

• Material to material. Includes all materials from Materials.
  
  
• Examples
• 2826 material - [is] used with - material
• [same]
  
  watercolor paper - 2826 [is] used with - watercolor (paint)
  arriccio - 2826 [is] used with - intonaco
  
  watercolor (paint) - 2826 [is] used with - watercolor paper
  intonaco - 2826 [is] used with - arriccio

• Things to material. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes all materials from Materials. Not for materials of which things are made.
  
  
• Examples
• 2828 things - use/require - material
• 2829 material - [is] required/used for - things
  
  oil paintings - 2828 use/require - varnish
  wine glasses - 2828 use/require - wine
  
  varnish - 2829 [is] used/required for - oil paintings
  wine - 2829 [is] used /required for - wine glasses

• Genus/species to genus/species. Includes genus/ species or others from Living Organisms. Excludes the relationship describing genus/species descended from another genus/species.
  
  
• Examples
• 2831 genus/species/ [other living organism term] - [is] associated with - genus/species
• [same]
  
  Anthonomus grandis (species) [boll weevil] - 2831 [is] associated with - Gossypium (genus) [cotton]
  Amphiprioninae (subfamily) [clown fish] - 2831 [is] associated with - Actiniaria (order) [sea anemone]
  
  Gossypium (genus) [cotton] - 2831 [is] associated with - Anthonomus grandis (species) [boll weevil]
  Actiniaria (order) [sea anemone] - 2831 [is] associated with - Amphiprioninae (subfamily) [clown fish]

• Genus/species to genus/species. Includes genus/ species or others from Living Organisms. Use to link one species or variety that evolved from another, whether by natural or artificial selection, when this relationship is not otherwise apparent from the hierarchy; the relationship should be the next known evolutionary ancestor, but it need not be an immediate ancestor, given that in the study of evolution, there are often gaps.
  
  
• Examples
• 2833 genus/species - [is] ancestor of - another genus/species
• 2834 genus/species - [is] decendant of - genus/species
  
  Felis silvestris (species) - 2833 [is the] ancestor of - Felis domesticus (species)
  Equus asinus (species) - 2833 [is the] ancestor of - donkeys
  
  Felis domesticus (species) - 2834 [is the] descendant of - Felis silvestris (species)
  donkeys - 2834 [are the] descendents of - Equus asinus (species)

• Things to genus/species. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Includes genus/ species or others from Living Organisms. Use this relationship to link a genus/species together with the generic part to a concept. For example, for ostrich-egg cups, you would link both egg from Materials and the ostrich species Struthio camelus to ostrich-egg cup: reason is, we wish to avoid adding to AAT the potentially hundreds of thousands of possible combinations of species-plus-part.
  
  
• Examples
• 2836 things - [are] derived/made from - genus/species [or its parts]
• 2837 genus/species [or its parts] - [is] source for - things
  
  kākaku - 2836 [are] derived/made from - Phormium tenax (species)
  ostrich-egg cups - 2836 [are] derived/made from - Struthio camelus (species)
  
  Phormium tenax (species) - 2837 [is the] source for - kākaku
  Struthio camelus(species) - 2837 [is the] source for - ostrich-egg cups

• Material to genus/species. Includes all materials from Materials. Includes genus/ species or others from Living Organisms. Use to link a genus, species, or variety of animal or plant to the material derived from it. Link to the broadest applicable taxonomic level.
  
  
• Examples
• 2841 material - [is] derived/made from - genus/species
• 2842 genus/species - [is] source for - material
  
  alpaca (wool) - 2841 [is] derived from - Vicugna pacos (species)
  maple (wood) - 2841 [is] derived from - Acer (genus)
  
  Vicugna pacos (species) - 2842 [is] the source for - alpaca (wool)
  Acer (genus) - 2842 [is] the source for - maple (wood)

• Genus/species to locus/setting. Includes genus/ species or others from Living Organisms. Includes as locus/setting any built work, settlement, or feature in the Built Environment and natural landscapes.
  
  
• Examples
• 2845 genus/species - [is] used/ located in - locus/setting
• 2846 locus/setting - [is] locus/setting for - genus/species
  
  Elephantidae (family) - 2845 [is] used/located in - elephant houses
  Vitaceae (family) - 2845 [is] used/located in - vineyards
  
  elephant houses - 2846 [are the] locus/setting for - Elephantidae(family)
  vineyards - 2846 [are the] locus/setting of - Vitaceae (family)

• Genus/species (living organism) to activity/event. Includes genus/ species or others from Living Organisms. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities.
  
  
• Examples
• 2848 genus/species - is involved in - activity/event
• 2849 activity/event - involves - genus/species
  
  bulls (animals) - 2848 [are] involved in - bullfighting
  Equus caballus (species) - 2848 [is] involved in - polo (field sport)
  
  bullfighting - 2849 involves - bulls (animals)
  polo (field sport) - 2849 involves - Equus caballus (species)

• Genus/species to things. Includes genus/ species or others from Living Organisms. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Not for things made from the genus/species or its parts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2852 genus/species - [is] involved with - things/ [equipment]
• 2853 things/ [equipment] - involve - genus/species
  
  Rosa (genus) - 2852 [is] involved with - rose bowls
  Camelus (genus) - 2852 [is] involved with - camel saddles
  
  rose bowls - 2853 involve - Rosa (genus)
  camel saddles - 2853 involve - Camelus (genus)

• Language to style/period/culture. Includes language in Associated Concepts. Includes style, period, culture, and also religion and ideology, from Styles and Periods and Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2875 language - [is] characteristic of - style/period/ culture
• 2876 style/period/ culture - [is] characterized by - language
  
  Afar (language) - 2875 [is] characteristic of - Afar (culture)
  Celtic (language) - 2875 [was] characteristic of - Celtic (culture)
  
  Afar (culture) - 2876 [is] characterized by - Afar (language)
  Celtic (culture) - 2876 [is] characterized by - Celtic (language)

• Language to language. Includes language in Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2878 language - preceded/[is] source for - language
• 2879 language - followed/ developed from - language
  
  Ancient Greek (language) - 2878 preceded/[is] source for - Greek (modern language)
  Ancient Egyptian (language) - 2878 preceded/[is] source for - Egyptian, Coptic (language)
  
  Greek (modern language) - 2879 followed/developed from - Ancient Greek (language)
  Egyptian, Coptic (language) - 2879 followed/developed from - Ancient Egyptian (language)

• Language to things. Includes language in Associated Concepts. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2881 language - [is] reflected in - things
• 2882 things - reflect - language
  
  Greek (language) - 2881 [is] reflected in - Greek alphabet
  Sanskrit - 2881 [is] reflected in - Vedas
  
  Greek alphabet - 2882 reflect[s] - Greek (language)
  Vedas - 2882 reflect - Sanskrit

• Attributes / associated concepts to any. Includes attributes/ associated concepts from Physical Attributes and Associated Concepts.
  
  
• Examples
• 2884 attributes / associated concepts - [are] involved with - any
• 2885 any - involves - attributes / associated concepts
  
  climate - 2884 [is] involved with - climate change
  insect damage - 2884 [is] involved with - infestation
  Celtic crosses (design motif) - 2884 [are] involved with - Celtic culture
  
  climate change - 2885 involves - climate
  infestation - 2885 involves - insect damage
  Celtic culture - 2885 involves - Celtic crosses (design motif)

• Materials to materials. Includes all materials from Materials.
  
  
• Example
  
• 2886 material - [is] used/functions as - material
  
• 2887 material - [is] exemplified by - material
  
  carbon disulfide - 2886 [is] used/functions as - solvent
  solvent - 2887 [is] exemplified by - carbon disulfide

• Things to brand name. Things include things and equipment from Objects, but also art genres from Associated Concepts. Brand names are only those brand names in the Brand Name facet; trademarked names found as D or UF in other records will gradually be moved to the Brand Name facet.
  
  
• Examples
• 2891 things - [are] exemplied by - brand name
• 2892 brand name - [is] example of - things
  
  photothermographic transfer prints - 2891 [are] exemplified by - Pictrography (TM) prints
  
  Pictrography (TM) prints - 2892 [are] examples of - photothermographic transfer prints

• Activity/event to brand name. Includes activities, events, processes, functions in Activities. Brand names are only those brand names in the Brand Name facet; trademarked names found as D or UF in other records will gradually be moved to the Brand Name facet.
  
  
• Examples
• 2894 activity/event/[process/ function] - [is] exemplified by - brand name
• 2895 brand name - [is] example of - activity/event/ [process/ function]
  
  deacidification [process/ function]- 2894 [is] exemplified by - Papersave Process (TM)
  
  Papersave Process (TM) - 2895 [is] example of - deacidification [process/ function]

• Any concept to any concept. Includes concepts in any facet.
  
  
• Examples
• 2896 any - is topic of - any
• 2897 any - has topic of - any
  
  bestiaries- 2896 has topic - animals
  
  animals - 2897 is topic - bestiaries

• Any concept to any concept. Includes concepts in any facet.
  
  
• Examples
• 2898 any - [is] exemplified by - any
• 2899 any - [is] example of - any
  
  ice (general material) -2898 [is] exemplified by - water ice
  
  water ice -2899 [is] example of - ice (general material)

• Any to any. Avoid using this relationship type. In the legacy data, there may be examples where this relationship was used to link hierarchies to hierarchies (which in itself should be avoided).
  
  
• Examples
• 2900 any - [has] miscellaneous relationship [to] - any
• [same]
  
  Conditions and Effects - 2900 [has] miscellaneous relationship [with] - Processes and Techniques
  
  Processes and Techniques - 2900 [has] miscellaneous relationship [with] - Conditions and Effects

3.5.2.3.2

Extensible Relationship Types
Although most necessary Relationship Types should already be included in the controlled list, additional Relationship Types may be added as necessary.

3.5.3

Historical Flag

3.5.3.1

Definition
Flag indicating the historical status of the relationship of this AAT record to the Related Concept.

• Example

3.5.3.2

Values
C - Current, H - Historical, B - Both, N/A - Not Applicable, U - Unknown

3.5.3.3

RULES

• The default flag for the relationship is Current. In the AAT, it will rarely be necessary to use any flag other than Current.
  
  
  • Current: For relationships that still exist, even though they may have been established long ago, use Current. Most relationships in the AAT are current.
    
    
  • Historical: For a relationship that no longer exists because the meaning of the terms has changed. Do not use this flag without consulting your supervisor.
    
    
  • Both: For a relationship that is both current and historical. Do not use this flag without consulting your supervisor.
    
    
  • N/A: When Current or Historical are not appropriate to the situation. Do not use this flag without consulting your supervisor.
    
    
  • Unknown: This flag is used primarily for data that is loaded into the Vocabular database (rather than having been entered by hand).

3.5.4

Dates for Related Concepts

3.5.4.1

Definition
Dates delimiting the relationship between the two concepts.

• Example
  [for "First Dynasty (Egyptian)"]

3.5.4.2

Fields
There are three fields: Display Date, Start Date, and End Date.

3.5.4.3

Values
Display Date is a free-text field; values may be any Unicode character.

• Start Date and End Date must contain valid years.

3.5.4.4

Sources
The dates should be determined using the same standard reference works that supply other information about the relationship.

3.5.4.5

Discussion
The Display Date for the relationship usually refers to a period or date, however, it may sometimes contain notes that do not explicitly make reference to a date. In such cases, the note should implicitly refer to a date or datable condition or event, because you are required to include a Start Date and End Date with every Display Date.

• Display dates are indexed with Start Date and End Date. Start and End Dates are controlled by special formatting; dates BCE are represented by negative numbers.
  

3.5.4.6

RULES

• Dates are not appropriate for most associative relationships in the AAT
  .
• When dates are appropriate, keep in mind that if you enter data in any of the three fields, you must enter data in ALL three of the fields.
  
  
• The dates appear on reciprocal links. That means that the same dates will appear in BOTH records. Write the Display Dates and assign Start and End Dates so that they will be correct and unambiguous in both records. Repeat the names of the concepts in the Display Date when necessary to avoid ambiguity.
  
  
  • Example
    [in the record for "rapiers"]
  • Relationship Type: 2806 provide context [for]
    Related Concept: cup-hilts
    Display Date: cup-hilts were found on rapiers beginning in the 17th century
    Start Date: 1600 End Date: 9999
    
    
• A brief set of rules for Dates appears below. See also Appendix B and Dates for Names in Chapter 3.3 Names.

3.5.4.6.1

Display Date
A short set of rules appears below. For further discussion of Display Dates, see Appendix B.

• Follow the style of existing Display Dates.
  
  
  • Examples
    
  • Display Date: pertinent after 1520
    Start Date: 1520 End Date: 9999
    
    
  • Display Date: since the mid-18th century
    Start Date: 1730 End Date: 9999
    
    
  • Display Date: first used in Baroque paintings
    Start Date: 1590 End Date: 9999
    
    
• Do not use an initial capital, unless the word is a proper name.
  
  
• Do not use full sentences; do not end the display date with a period or any other punctuation.
  
  
• Ideally, the display date should refer, explicitly or implicitly, to a time period or date associated with the link between the Related Concepts.
  
  
• If a date is uncertain, use a broad or vague designation (e.g., ancient) or other terms such as ca. and probably to express uncertainty (e.g., ca., in the example below).
  
  
  • Example
  • Display Date: from ca. 1810 through 1940
    Start Date: 1800 End Date: 1940
    
    
• In some cases, the Display Date may be used to record unusual or important information about the Related Concept relationship (see the example below), but not referring explicitly to a date. However, dates should be implicit in the condition or event mentioned and you should have a period or date in mind, because - if you record a Display Date - Start and End dates are required.
  
  
  • Example
  • Display Date: pertinent for native inhabitants along the seacoast from Niantic Bay to the Connecticut River
    Start Date: 1400 End Date: 1900

3.5.4.6.2

Start Date and End Date
Use dates that most broadly delimit the span of time of the relationship referred to in the display date. In many cases, the years will be approximate years. When in doubt, it is better to estimate too broad a span rather than too narrow a span. See the Date Authority in Appendix B for approximate dates of historic events and entities; you should also consult other, related records in the AAT to establish dates.

• Dates must be expressed in the proleptic Gregorian calendar, which is the Gregorian calendar projected back in time before it came into existence.
  
  
• Express dates BCE by negative numbers, using a hyphen before the number. Do not use commas or any other punctuation.
  
  
  • Example
  • Display Date: relevant only for Banshan urns
    Start Date: -2800 End Date: -2300
    
    
• For current relationships, use the End Date 9999.
  
  
  • Example
  • Display Date: from 1810
    Start Date: 1810 End Date: 9999
    
    
• For very ancient dates, expressed as years ago or before present in the Display Date, translate these dates into approximate years in the proleptic Gregorian calendar for the Start and End Dates.

Last updated 29 August 2024
Document is subject to frequent revisions