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CONTENTS
Preface
Purpose
of these Guidelines
Purpose
of the AAT
Focus
Use
Contributors
1
ABOUT THE ART & ARCHITECTURE THESAURUS (AAT)
Introduction and Overview (PDF, 8.9 MB, 223pp)
1.1
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE AAT
1.1.1
Scope and Structure
1.1.2
What is a Thesaurus?
1.1.3
What is a "Concept" in the AAT? (warrant)
1.2
EDITORIAL CONTROL
1.2.1
Review process
1.2.2
Does contributors' data follow editorial rules?
1.3
RELEASING THE DATA
1.3.1
Web browsers
1.3.2
Licensed files
1.4
VOCABULARY COORDINATION SYSTEM (VCS)
1.4.1
Database
1.4.2
Merged Records
1.4.3
Operating VCS
2
GENERAL GUIDELINES
2.1
GENERAL INFORMATION
2.1.1
Following the rules
2.1.2
Required fields and minimal records
2.1.3
Format and values
2.1.4
Capitalization and abbreviation
2.1.5
Language of the Record
2.1.6
Production goals
2.1.7
Leaving unfinished records overnight
2.1.8
Quality control
2.1.9
Avoid plagiarism
2.1.10
Uncertainty and ambiguity in display fields
2.1.11
Uncertainty and ambiguity in indexing fields
2.1.12
Uncertain identification of a concept
2.2
MERGING RECORDS
2.2.1
Rules for merging
2.2.2
Procedures for merging
2.3
MOVING RECORDS
2.3.1
Rules for moving
2.3.2
Procedures for moving
2.4
SAMPLE RECORDS
2.4.1
Sample AAT record
2.4.2
Sample AAT record in VCS
2.5
LIST OF FIELDS
2.5.1
About the fields
2.5.2
List of VCS Fields
3
EDITORIAL RULES
3.1
HIERARCHICAL RELATIONSHIPS
3.1.1
Parents (required)
3.1.2
Sort Order
3.1.3
Historical Flag: Current or Historical parents and other flags
3.1.4
Dates for relationship to parents
3.1.5
Parent String
3.1.6
Facet or Hierarchy Code
3.2
IDENTIFYING NUMBERS, STATUS FLAGS, AND SUBJECT SOURCES
3.2.1
Subject ID (required default)
3.2.2
Parent Key (required)
3.2.3
Merged Status (required-default)
3.2.4
Published Status (required-default)
3.2.5
Review Status (required-default)
3.2.6
Record Type (required-default)
3.2.7
Candidate Status (required-default)
3.2.8
Label (required-default)
3.2.9
Contributors for the Subject Record (required)
3.2.10
Sources for the Subject Record (required)
3.3
TERMS
3.3.1
Term ID (required-default)
3.3.2
Term (required)
3.3.3
Preferred Flag (required-default)
3.3.4
Qualifier
3.3.5
Sequence Number (required-default)
3.3.6
Historical Flag (required-default)
3.3.7
Term Type (required-default)
3.3.8
Vernacular Flag (required-default)
3.3.9
Language for Terms
3.3.10
Preferred Flag for Language
3.3.11
Contributor for Term (required-default)
3.3.12
Preferred Flag for Contributor (required-default)
3.3.13
Sources for Terms (required)
3.3.14
Page Number for Term Source (required)
3.3.15
Preferred Flag for Source (required-default)
3.3.16
Dates for Terms
3.3.17
Display Term Flag (required-default)
3.3.18
LC Flag (formerly AACR flag)
3.3.19
Other Flags
3.3.20
Assigned To
3.4
SCOPE NOTE
3.4.1
Scope Note
3.4.2
Sources for the Scope Note
3.4.3
Contributor for the Scope Note
3.5
ASSOCIATIVE RELATIONSHIPS
3.5.1
Related Concepts
3.5.2
Relationship Type
3.5.3
Historical Flag
3.5.4
Dates for Related Concepts
[Note: There are no sections
3.6 and 3.7 for the AAT Guidelines]
3.8
ADMINISTRATIVE FLAGS, NOTES, AND REVISION HISTORY
3.8.1
Comment Flag
3.8.2
Problem Flag
3.8.3
Assigned To
3.8.4
Special Project
3.8.5
Facet Code
3.8.6
Legacy ID
3.8.7
Class Notation
3.8.8
Image
3.8.9
Index Note
3.8.10
Not Found Note
3.8.11
Status Note
3.8.12
Editor Note
3.8.13
Revision History
4.1
APPENDIX A: DIACRITICS
4.1.1
How to Use Diacritical Codes
4.1.2
Diacritical Codes: Quick Reference
4.1.3
Diacritical Codes: Full List
4.2
APPENDIX B: DATES
4.2.1
How to Record Dates
4.2.2
How to Use the Date Authority
4.2.3
Date Authority
4.3
APPENDIX C: SOURCES
4.3.1
How to Record Sources
4.3.2
Rules for Sources
4.3.3
Merging Sources
4.4
APPENDIX D: CONTRIBUTORS and CONTRIBUTIONS
4.4.1
How to Record Contributors 4.4.2
Contributing Large Translations
4.5
APPENDIX E: LANGUAGES
4.5.1
How to Record Languages
4.5.2
List of Languages
5.0
ADDENDUM Z: DATA DICTIONARY
Guidelines for Multilingual Equivalency Work
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ART & ARCHITECTURE THESAURUS: EDITORIAL
GUIDELINES
compiled and edited by
Patricia Harpring, managing editor
the Getty Vocabulary Program
Antonio Beecroft, editor
Robin Johnson, editor
Jonathan Ward, editor
Revised: 10 September 2017
PREFACE
This document contains information about editorial practice
for the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) ®,
one of the vocabularies produced by the Getty Vocabulary Program.
The other vocabularies are the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic
Names (TGN)®, Union List of Artist Names
(ULAN)®, Cultural Objects Name Authority (CONA)®, and Iconography Authority (IA).
NOTE: The guidelines in this document are subject
to frequent modification and addition.
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Purpose of these
guidelines
This document contains rules and guidelines intended for use
by the editors of the Getty Vocabulary Program using the in-house
editorial system, VCS (Vocabulary Coordination System). Contributors
to the Getty Vocabularies and implementers of the licensed
vocabulary data may consult these guidelines as well. However,
contributors and implementers should keep in mind that they
must extrapolate information and guidance appropriate for
their own needs and uses.
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Purpose of the AAT
The AAT, TGN, ULAN, CONA, and IA are structured vocabularies that can
be used to improve access to information about art, architecture,
and material culture.
- Cataloging: The Getty vocabularies may be used as data value standards at the point of documentation or cataloging. In this context, they may be used as a controlled vocabulary or authority by the cataloger or indexer; they provide preferred names/terms and synonyms for people, places, and things. They also provide structure and classification schemes that can aid in documentation.
- Retrieval: They may be used as search assistants in database retrieval systems. They are knowledge bases that include semantic networks that show links and paths between concepts; these relationships can make retrieval more successful.
- Research tools: They may be utilized as research tools, valuable because of the rich information and contextual knowledge that they contain.
- Release formats: The Getty vocabularies are constructed to allow their use in linked data. The AAT, TGN, and ULAN are available as LOD. They are also available as XML, Relational Tables, in APIs, and in an online search. All formats are published under the Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) 1.0.
Making the Getty vocabularies available to the research community as LOD could have a truly transformative effect on the discipline of art history in general, and on Digital Art History in particular.
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Focus
Catherine wheel or rose window? AAT is a structured vocabulary, including terms, descriptions, and other metadata for generic concepts related to art, architecture, conservation, archaeology, and other cultural heritage. Included are work types, styles, materials, techniques, and others.
For further discussion of the history and scope of the AAT, see About the AAT
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Use
The Getty Vocabularies are copyrighted: Copyright ©
J. Paul Getty Trust. The data is available in various formats,including Linked Open Data, XML, Relational Tables, and APIs. For details, see Obtain the Getty Vocabularies.
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Contributors
AAT is a compiled resource; it is not comprehensive. It grows
over time to become gradually more comprehensive, to reflect
changes in the development and usage of language and terminology,
to accommodate new research in art history and archaeology, and to become ever more multilingual and multicultural.
The AAT grows through contributions. Information in the AAT
was compiled by the Getty Vocabulary Program (and earlier
groups in Williamstown, Massachusetts) in collaboration with
many institutions. Institutions interested in becoming contributors
to the AAT should write to vocab@getty.edu, explaining the
scope of their collections and likely contributions. For translation projects, see Contributing Large Translations.
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For further information, please contact
the Getty Vocabulary Program
vocab@getty.edu
Getty Vocabulary Program
1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 1100
Los Angeles, CA 90049
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1
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ABOUT THE ART & ARCHITECTURE THESAURUS
(AAT)
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1.1
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General Information about the AAT
For a briefer general introduction, see AAT Introduction and Overview (PDF, 8.9 MB, 223pp).
For translating the AAT, please see Guidelines for Multilingual Equivalency Work.
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1.1.1
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Scope and Structure
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1.1.1.1
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Scope of the AAT
The AAT is a structured vocabulary currently containing terms and other information about concepts. Terms
in AAT may be used to describe art, architecture, decorative
arts, material culture, and archival materials. Terms for
any concept may include the plural form of the term, singular
form, natural order, inverted order, spelling variants, various
forms of speech, terms in different languages, and synonyms
that have various etymological roots. Among these terms, one
is flagged as the preferred term, or descriptor. The
temporal coverage of the AAT ranges from Antiquity to the
present. The scope of the AAT is multicultural and international.
Although originally mainly Western in scope, the AAT constantly
grows to encompass all cultures in all parts of the world.
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1.1.1.2
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Structure of the Data
The focus of each AAT record is called a concept. In the database,
each concept's record (also called a subject in these guidelines) is identified by a unique numeric ID. Linked to each
concept record are terms, related concepts, a parent (that
is, a position in the hierarchy), sources for the data, and
notes.
- The AAT is a hierarchical database; its trees branch
from a root called Top of the AAT hierarchies (Subject_ID:
300000000). There may be multiple broader contexts, making
the AAT polyhierarchical. In addition to the hierarchical
relationships, the AAT has equivalence and associative relationships;
thus it is a thesaurus, in compliance with ISO and NISO
standards.
- Unpublished facets in AAT are used for candidate records.
Unpublished facets and hierarchies are designated by the
"name" temp.parent (e.g., temp.parent/candidate
records)
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1.1.1.2.1
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Facets and heirarchies
Facets constitute the major subdivisions of the AAT
hierarchical structure. A facet contains a homogeneous class
of concepts, the members of which share characteristics that
distinguish them from members of other classes. For example,
marble refers to a substance used in the creation of
art and architecture, and it is found in the Materials
facet. Impressionist denotes a visually distinctive
style of art, and it is found in the Styles and Periods
facet.
- The conceptual framework of facets and hierarchies in
the AAT is designed to allow a general classification scheme
for art and architecture. The framework is not subject-specific;
for example, there is no defined portion of the AAT that
is specific only for Renaissance painting. Terms to describe
Renaissance paintings will be found in many locations in
the AAT hierarchies.
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1.1.2
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What is a Thesaurus?
- The AAT is a thesaurus. A thesaurus is a semantic
network of unique concepts, including relationships between
synonyms, broader and narrower (parent/child) contexts,
and other related concepts. Thesauri allow three types of
relationships: equivalence (synonym), hierarchical (whole/part
or genus/species), and associative. Thesauri may be monolingual
or multilingual. Thesauri are used to ensure consistency
in indexing and to facilitate the retrieval of information.
- The structure of the AAT supports multilinguality
insofar as terms and scope notes may be written and flagged
in multiple languages.
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1.1.2.1
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Relationships:
Thesauri may have the following three relationships:
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1.1.2.1.1
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Equivalence relationships
The relationships between synonymous terms or names that refer
to the same concept, typically distinguishing preferred terms
(descriptors) and non-preferred terms (variants, or ALTs
and UFs).
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1.1.2.1.2
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Hierarchical relationships
Broader and narrower (parent/child) relationships between
concepts. Hierarchical relationships are generally either
whole/part or genus/species; in the AAT, most hierarchical
relationships are genus/species (e.g., chalice is a type of
drinking vessel). Relationships may be polyhierarchical,
meaning that each child may be linked to multiple parents.
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1.1.2.1.3
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Associative relationships
The relationships between concepts that are closely related
conceptually, but the relationship is not hierarchical because
it is not whole/part or genus/species.
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1.1.3
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What is a "Concept" in the
AAT?
- Terms in the AAT represent abstract concepts, physical
attributes such as shape, pattern, and color, style or period,
activities, performers of activities, materials, objects,
and visual and verbal communication forms discussed within
the literature of art, architecture, and material culture.
In the context of the AAT, a "concept"
(or "subject record") represents terminology
needed for cataloguing art, excluding proper
names; thus it can be described as containing information
about generic concepts (as opposed to proper nouns
or names).
The AAT may include terminology to describe the
type of work (e.g., sculpture), its material (e.g.,
bronze), activities associated with the work (e.g.,
casting), its style (e.g., Art Nouveau), the
role of the creator (e.g., sculptor), and other attributes
or various abstract concepts (e.g., symmetry).
AAT does not include proper names of persons, organizations,
geographic places, named subjects, or named events.
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1.1.3.1
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Warrant for a concept
A major issue in creating AAT records is how to determine
if a word or words truly represent a definable, unique "concept"
in common and scholarly usage, or if it is simply a string
of words (which would not be included in the AAT). A concept
is single word or multiple words that are used consistently
to refer to the identical generic concept, type of work material,
activity, style, role or other attribute.
- In order to determine if the words are truly accepted
by the community, that they consistently represent a definable
concept, and that the preferred term (descriptor) is the
term most often used to refer to this concept, the AAT requires
three pieces of literary warrant for the preferred term.
See 3.3 Terms for further discussion.
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1.1.3.2
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Discrete concepts
A "concept" in the context of the AAT
is a discrete thing or idea. Records in the AAT generally
represent discrete concepts, not subject headings. In contrast
to a discrete concept, a subject heading typically concatenates
multiple terms or concepts together in a string. For example,
Pre-Columbian sculptures is a heading composed of terms
representing two discrete concepts: Pre-Columbian (a
style and period) and sculpture (a type of work). Pre-Columbian
as a style and period term may be combined with many other
terms and retain its meaning; sculpture also could
be combined with many other style or period terms and still
retain its meaning.
- Note that a term for a concept is not necessarily composed
of only one word; terms describing discrete concepts include
the following: rose windows, flying buttresses,
book of hours, High Renaissance, and lantern
slides. We maintaining discrete concepts, as opposed
to headings or compound terms, in the structure of
the AAT in order to make it more versatile in cataloguing
and more powerful in retrieval.
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1.1.3.3
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Range of coverage
The AAT includes the following types of terms: Associate Concepts
(abstract concepts and phenomena, e.g., beauty, balance),
Physical Attributes (characteristics and features, e.g., strapwork,
borders), Styles and Periods (e.g., Xia, French),
Agents (e.g., printmakers, landscape architects) and Living Organisms, Activities
(e.g., archaeology, engineering), Materials (e.g.,
iron, clay), and Objects (e.g., paintings, amphorae).
Brand Names are also included, especially as required to support indexing for the Conservation community. See 3.1 Hierarchical Relationships for a fuller discussion
regarding what is included in each facet.
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1.1.3.4
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What is excluded from the AAT?
The AAT contains terminology for "concepts"; see
What is a "Concept" in the AAT above. The
AAT contains no proper names; therefore specific named buildings,
individual people, named corporate bodies, and named historical
events are out of scope for the AAT. All terms in the AAT
must refer to a case of many (generic things), not a case
of one (specific things). In contrast, a proper name refers
to a unique thing: a case of one. The scope of the AAT is
further narrowed to only concepts having to do with art, architecture,
and related disciplines.
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1.2
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Editorial control
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1.2.1
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Review Process
- Records are contributed by authorized institutions or created and edited by the Vocabulary Program
editors, following
the Editorial Rules laid out in this manual.
- As time permits, the Vocabulary Program reviews individual
records from contributors before they are released in the
AAT. All contributions are checked, but with less supervision
required for trained, established contributors.
- Vocabulary Program (VP) editors follow strict rules when
adding new records to the AAT. VP editors edit the contributors'
records to comply with VP policy and practice; however,
given the large number of records in the AAT, editors do
not have the time or resources to edit every record. An
editorial goal is to have uniform and homogeneous records
throughout the AAT, but employing flexible standards for
contributors' data means that the AAT database as a whole
is not entirely consistent or totally uniform.
- The VP collects new issues that arise during the course
of accepting contributions and editing the AAT. The resolutions
of these issues are periodically transferred to an updated
version of the manual.
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1.2.2
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Does contributors' data follow editorial
rules?
- The Vocabulary Program communicates with and trains potential
contributors, to assure that 1) the incoming data will be
within the scope of the AAT, and 2) the incoming data will
be in appropriate format and generally consistent with the
AAT standards.
- Every effort is made to ensure that the AAT data is consistent.
However, given that the AAT may be compiled from various
contributors' automated records, it is necessary to allow
"flexible standards" in order to accept contributions.
Compliance with the critical standards regarding technical
rules, structure, content, and editorial guidelines are
required; however, certain other content and editorial guidelines
are considered non-critical and are therefore not strictly
enforced for some contributors.
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1.3
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Releasing the data
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1.3.1
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Web searching
- On the Getty Web site: Users may search for individual terms and names in the Getty vocabularies online. The data is refreshed every two weeks. The Getty vocabularies are made available via this Web interface to support limited research and cataloging efforts. Data is refreshed in the online Web versions of the AAT,
TGN, and ULAN every two weeks.
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1.3.2
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Licensed files
- Fee-free formats: Users may acquire the full data for AAT, TGN, and ULAN, which is available in JSON, RDF, N3/Turtle, and N-Triples under the Open Data Commons Attribution License (ODC-By) 1.0, through our Linked Open Data project.
- Incorporated in vendors' systems: The Getty vocabularies may be used in various collection management systems or other information systems.
- Data Dictionaries: The data dictionaries and other documentation describe the release formats and content of the Getty vocabularies. They do not give step-by-step instructions on how to construct a database or interface based on the data files; analysis and programming resources will be required to implement the vocabularies. The Getty does not provide technical support. View the data dictionaries and data from our Download Center.
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1.4
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Vocabulary Coordination System (VCS)
- VCS is the editorial system used to house and edit the
three Getty Vocabularies. Each vocabulary is stored in a
separate iteration of VCS. References to "the system"
refer to VCS. References made to "fields" refer
to data elements in VCS. References to a "record"
or "subject record" refer to an intellectual record
comprising all the data linked to a given Subject ID in
the data structure.
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1.4.1
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Database
- VCS uses a relational database; the database models for
each of the three vocabularies are identical in most ways,
differing only where necessary. See the Data Dictionary
for further information.
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1.4.2
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Merged Records
- The AAT is compiled from terms and other information that
has been collected by the Getty and other institutions.
When multiple contributors have submitted information about
the same concept, all the terms and information about this
concept should be merged into a single record ("merge"
is a function of the VCS editorial system).
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1.4.3
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Operating VCS
- The chapters in this manual contain definitions of the
fields, suggested values, sources where the values may be
found, and rules for entering the data where relevant. The
fields are presented roughly in the order in which they
are found in VCS.
- While there is some mention of the functionality of VCS
in this manual, detailed instructions for the system are
not included here. Instructions regarding how to use VCS
are provided during training.
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Last updated 10 September 2017
Document is subject to frequent revisions
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