The Iliad and The Odyssey are said to have been composed around 750–700 B.C. The Iliad tells the story of fourteen days in the next-to-last year of the ten-year Trojan War. The Odyssey follows the adventures of the Greek hero Odysseus on his ten-year journey home after the Trojan War. Both epic poems tell exciting tales of extraordinary battles and heroic deeds. Yet these dramatic, fantastic tales are grounded in an actual historical event. Archaeological findings and analysis of artifacts provide evidence that the Trojan War did take place; it happened hundreds of years before Homer was born.

Some scholars debate whether The Iliad and The Odyssey were composed by the same person, let alone by a man named Homer. It is also uncertain to what extent the “Homeric poems” were derived from earlier poetic traditions. Because stories would pass orally from one generation to the next, popular stories about heroes and gods would vary over time, over land, and from one ear to another.

Scholars do know that reciting stories about heroes and gods was a big part of life in ancient times. Mythical scenes would decorate vases and walls. Poets would recite their stories at social gatherings and festivals. The recitation of stories would be performed with musical accompaniment. For example, The Iliad’s hero, Achilles, plays the lyre while singing of the deeds of other heroic men (9.185–89). The practice of singing while playing a stringed instrument was called kitharoidia. To perform epic poems such as The Iliad and The Odyssey, a poet would have to sing the poem in sections over the course of several days. 

The stories of Achilles and Odysseus would have been passed down orally for about five hundred years before they were written down sometime in the eighth century B.C. While we cannot look to Homer’s epics as completely accurate accounts of the Trojan War and Greek society of more than three thousand years ago, audiences continue to enjoy the captivating and thrilling tales of heroes and gods and love and war that come alive in Homer’s verses.

References
Alexander, Caroline. The War That Killed Achilles: The True Story of Homer’s Iliad and the Trojan War. New York: Viking, 2009.
Fox, Robin Lane. Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008.
Spivey, Nigel, and Michael Squire. Panorama of the Classical World. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2004.