Grades:		High School (9–12)
Subjects: 		Visual Arts
Time Required: 	1-2 class periods
Author: 		This lesson was adapted by J. Paul Getty Museum Education staff from a curriculum originally published on the Getty’s first education Web site, ArtsEdNet.

Featured Getty Artworks
Thymiaterion Supported by a Statuette of Nike, Greek, 500-480 B.C. 
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o14946.html
Two Sphinxes, Italian, about 1560
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o1320.html
Bust of Winter, French, 1700
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o1136.html
Sketch for a Fireplace Overmantel, Francesco Antonio Franzoni, about 1794
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o1512.html
Allegorical Portrait of the van Risamburgh Family, Joseph Chinard, 1790
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o1456.html
Bust of Mary Seacole, Henry Weekes, 1859
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o1522.html
Head with Horns, Paul Gauguin1895-1897
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o144617.html
Medusa, Vincenzo Gemito, 1911
http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o1336.html
	
Lesson Overview
This lesson is part of a sequential unit. Students participate in a class critique of the symbolic sculptures they created. They critique the work of their peers by responding to questions about the symbolic content and applying criteria for sculpture developed in Lesson 1. 

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to:
- critique their own works of art and those of their peers. 
- interpret the meaning of symbols in a work of art. 
- apply appropriate art vocabulary to a critical examination of works of art.

Materials 
- Completed student sculptures
- Images of still-life paintings from the Getty Museum’s collection.

Lesson Steps
1. Display the students’ completed sculptures along with their preparatory drawings. 

2. Bring back the criteria for a sculpture developed in Lesson 1. Have each student choose the work of a classmate and use the criteria to write an evaluation of the artwork in his or her journal addressing the following questions. - What symbols did the artist use?
- What do the symbols stand for?
- If the symbols are part of a larger subject, what do the symbols in the sculpture communicate about the subject of the sculpture?
- In your opinion, how effective are the symbolic elements in this work art at conveying meaning?
- How does the medium that the artist chose affect your appreciation of this sculpture?
- If the artist hadn’t been limited to specific mediums, is there another medium that you think he or she could have used? What would the ideal medium for this sculpture be?  

3. Ask the class which of the Getty artworks helped them solve their own design problems. Make sure they explain why and point out which aspects of the Getty works helped them. 
 
Assessment:
Students should be able to do the following:
- Identify symbols in contemporary culture and relate them to historic objects.
- Participate in discussions and activities using appropriate vocabulary.
- Express informed opinions about the significance, value, and meaning of their peers’ works of art.
- Apply interpretation and judgment skills to their work and that of their peers.

Extension:
Have students choose three emblems from contemporary culture and analyze the symbols. Compare and contrast how successful the symbols are at representing an idea, and at representing the product/institution/group that uses it.

Standards Addressed

Visual Arts Content Standards for California Public Schools
Grades 9–12 Proficient
1.0 Artistic Perception
Develop Perceptual Skills and Visual Arts Vocabulary
1.1 Identify and use the principles of design to discuss, analyze, and write about visual aspects in the environment and in works of art, including their own.
1.2 Describe the principles of design as used in works of art, focusing on dominance and subordination. 
Analyze Art Elements and Principles of Design
1.4 Analyze and describe how the composition of a work of art is affected by the use of a particular principle of design. 
Impact of Media Choice
1.5 Analyze the material used by a given artist and describe how its use influences the meaning of the work.

4.0 Aesthetic Valuing
Derive Meaning 
4.1 Articulate how personal beliefs, cultural traditions, and current social, economic, and political contexts influence the interpretation of the meaning or message in a work of art.
Make Informed Judgments 
4.4 Articulate the process and rationale for refining and reworking one of their own works of art.
4.5 Employ the conventions of art criticism in writing and speaking about works of art. 

United States National Standards for Visual Arts Education
Grades 9–12
2. Using knowledge of structures and functions
a. Demonstrate the ability to form and defend judgments about the characteristics and structures to accomplish commercial, personal, communal, or other purposes of art. 
b. Evaluate the effectiveness of artworks in terms of organizational structures and functions. 

3. Choosing and evaluating a range of subject matter, symbols, and ideas
a. Reflect on how artworks differ visually, spatially, temporally, and functionally, and describe how these are related to history and culture. 
b. Apply subjects, symbols, and ideas in their artworks and use the skills gained to solve problems in daily life. 

4. Understanding the visual arts in relation to history and cultures
c. Analyze relationships of works of art to one another in terms of history, aesthetics, and culture, justifying conclusions made in the analysis and using such conclusions to inform their own art making. 

5. Reflecting upon and assessing the characteristics and merits of their work and the work of others
a. Identify intentions of those creating artworks, explore the implications of various purposes, and justify their analyses of purposes in particular works. 
b. Describe meanings of artworks by analyzing how specific works are created and how they relate to historical and cultural contexts. 
c. Reflect analytically on various interpretations as a means for understanding and evaluating works of visual art.